初中英語音標課件

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一、 音素

1、單元音：

2、雙元音：

3、清、濁輔音：

二、語音的基本常識

1、音節的劃分

一個單詞的音標中有幾個元音就有幾個音節。

2、重讀音節

任何雙音節或多音節單詞的音標中，有重讀音節和非重讀音節 ，哪一個音節重讀，該音節的左上方或該音節的元音上方標有重讀符號“'”。

3、濁化音

以sp__, st___, sk___開頭的單詞清輔音/p/ /t/ /k/分別要發濁輔音/b/ /d/ /g/。

4、定冠詞the的讀音

e.g. the man

c.f. the old man

5、不完全爆破

爆破音[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 後面緊跟另一個爆破音時，前面的那個爆破音只在口腔內形成阻礙，而不能完全讀出。

e.g. basketball

the part of the earth

6、連讀

在一個短語或句子中，如果相鄰兩詞的關係相等密切，而前一個詞以輔音結尾，後一個詞以元音開頭，輔音和元素連在一起讀。

7、意羣的停頓

對於一個較長的句子，可以根據意思和結構將其劃分成幾羣,一個意羣必須一口氣說完。 關於語音的幾個概念

1) 字母：語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

2) 音標：詞的語音形式。

3) 音素：音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。

4) 音節：由元音和輔音構成的發音單位。

ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand

5) 元音：發音響亮，是樂音；口腔中氣流不收阻礙；是構成音節的主要音。英語中有20元音。

6) 輔音：發音不響亮，是噪音；口腔中氣流受到阻礙；不是構成音節的主要音。中有28輔音。

7) 開音節：a) 輔音+元音+輔音+e name bike home due; b) 輔音+元音 he, go, hi

8) 閉音節：a) 輔音+元音+輔音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+輔音it

9) 重讀音節：單詞中發音特別響亮的音節。

2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括號是電腦無法輸入的音標)

1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling

2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth

3) [e] bed, desk, head,

4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp

5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt

6) [ ] hot, want

7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught

8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,

9) [u] look, put, women, could

10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough

11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse

12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday

13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,

14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye

15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow

16) [au] house, town

17) [ ] boy, oil

18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,

19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair

20) [ ] tour, poor,

3. 容易混淆的元音

1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land

2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid

3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide

4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause

5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don

4. 輔音

1) [p] pen,

2) [b] bed, comb

3) [t] tell,

4) [d], day, played, wanted

5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box

6) [g] big, go, guess, language

7) [m] man

8) [n] nine, knife, autumn

9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,

10) [l] land, world

11) [r] read, write,

12) [f] five, cough, laugh

13) [v] voice, of

14) [ ] think,

15) [ ] this, bathe

16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf

17) [z] zoo, close,

18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation

19) [ ] pleasure,

20) [h] hot, who, hour

21) [w] wall, what, answer

22) [j] yes

23) [ ] child, teach, catch

24) [ ] joke, bridge,

25) [ts] boats

26) [dz] goods

27) [tr] tree

28) [dr] dream

5. 容易混淆的輔音

1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well

2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math

3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes

4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang

6. 讀音規則

1) 重讀音節(見元音和輔音的例句)

2) 非重讀音節 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

7. 特殊讀音

1）音的連讀：前面的詞以元輔音結尾，後面的單詞以元音開頭，這樣結尾的輔音要和開頭的元音連讀。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

2）失去爆破：輔音爆破音或摩擦音後面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的輔音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

3）音的'同化：兩個特殊的音碰到一起，會發出變異成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,

8. 重音

1)單詞重音

A)雙音節詞

a)一般在第一個音節重讀。letter, sorry

b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞，第二個音節是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce；

c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關, 一般名詞的重音在第一個音節上，其它的詞性在第二個音節上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent

d)有些複合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞，有兩個重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war

B)多音節詞

a)一般倒數第三個音節是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.

b)有一些雙音節詞，加了前綴和後綴成了多音節，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,

c)詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 後綴的詞，重音在這些後綴的前一個音節上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective

d)詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 後綴的詞，重音在該後綴上，而且有一個次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette

2)句子重音

A) 的節奏：（輕）-輕-重-輕-（輕）或重-輕-（輕）（輕）重

B) 英語句子的長短：是由句子中的重讀詞的數目決定的，而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字數目決定的。

C) 實詞重讀（副詞重讀），虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節介詞，單音節連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關係代詞，相互代詞，助動詞，情態動詞和系動詞be

D) 實詞不重讀的特殊情況

a) 實詞第二次出現 He thinks of that as a child thinks.

b) 一個名詞被第二個名詞修飾 I met her in the railway station.

c) 代替詞 Which book do you want? The small one.

d) 感嘆詞中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

e) street 在專有名詞中 Wangfujing Street.

f)this在這些短語中，this morning/afternoon/evening

E)虛詞重讀的特殊情況

a) 情態動詞，助動詞和系動詞be在句首，句尾和否定時。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.

b) 情態動詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.

c) 介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引導複合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. e)反身代詞表示強調。He couldn't come himself.