博文谷

初三上學期>>Unit 1 In the library

教學目標

1.學習現在完成時態的構成以及與現在的關係和對時間狀語的要求,以及現在完成時 的陳述句形式和疑問句形式及其簡略答語是本單元的教學重點。要求學生能初步運用現在完 成時態談論一些過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響,掌握過去分詞的構成。

2.能夠熟練運用本單元有關“借物、尋物”的交際用語,正確運用Have you got…? 和Do you have…?及其簡略答語。

3.掌握本單元的單詞和短語,特別是used to,pay for,think of等用法。

4.利用閱讀課文來培養學生的閱讀理解能力和根據上下文判斷生詞詞義的能力,並逐 步提高對學生閱讀速度的要求。

5.要求學生能用自己組織的語言,對課文故事予以簡述。

教學建議

單元內容分析

本單元主要教學現在完成時態,圍繞“The lost book”開展教學活動。學習了有關“借物和尋物”的交際用語以及到圖書館借閱圖書及相關事項,着重使用了“Have you got…”這種句式,透過對話,教學了現在完成時態的用法和構成,重點分析過去某個動作對現在造成的影響或結果。學習了過去分詞的構成和動詞加一ed後的讀音,if引導的從句中時態的使用,同時還學習了一些同義詞近義詞的用法與區別。

ago 與before

ago與before 是兩個表示“以前”的概念的單詞。在用法上,它們的區別是較大的。

1)ago和一般過去時的動詞連用,表現現在以前的過去時間,它不能用於完成時態,例如:

Your friend was here a week ago, wasn't he? Of course he was.

before可以和完成時態連用,也常常與never連用,表示在早先或過去的某時間的“以前”。

例如:

I never met him before. He's new to me.

下面以three years ago和three years before爲例來進行比較。three years ago用於過去時態,

表示從今天算起的“三年以前”;而three year before用於過去完成時態,表示從三年以前算

起的過去。試看下面的比較:

A. I met him three years ago. We've been friends for 3 years.

B. I had met him three years before. I met you in 1992.

句A表示:“(從今天算起)三年前我遇見過他。”句B表示:“(從三年前追溯起)三年前我遇見過他一次。”

2) 另外before與ago單純在形式上的區別是before可以單獨使用,ago必須與別的表示時間的詞連用。例如:

I have read it before. It is a very good novel.

I read it 3 years ago. But I can't remember everything about it.

例 Have you found the book? Yes, I _____it five minutes_______.

A. have found, before B. found, before

C. has found, ago D. found, ago

解析 ago表示從現在算起的多少時間以前,用於一般過去式的句子中,before則表示從過去看的某時間以前或泛指以前,常見於完成時態。從本句的答語“我5分鐘前找到的”中,可以判斷是從現在算起的五分鐘前,故選D。

full與fill

(1)fill v.把……填滿,常與with連用。如:

Please fill the bags with rice. We've got to take them to the poor family in the village.

fill也可以表示狀態。相當與 be filled with。如:

Smoke filled the room. = The room was filled with smoke.房間裏濃煙瀰漫。

(2)fill in填入、填寫、塞滿,如:

–Please fill in your telephone number and your name.

–OK, But may I borrow your pen?

–What shall I do if I want to find a job here?

–Fill in the application form.

(3)full adj. 滿的,充滿的。其結構是be full of=be filled with,如:

The basket is full of apples. = The basket is filled with apples.Enough for all of us.

The bag full of books is mine. Please carry it for me, It's too heavy.

lose與 miss

1)兩者都表示“丟失”。lose的語氣較強,含有丟失後不易找到;miss含有“發現丟失”之意。在很多情況下兩者可換用。例如:

You said you have lost your watch. When did you miss it? 你說把手錶丟了,你什麼時候丟的?

2)lose通常用過去分詞(lost)作定語或表語;而miss則用其ing形式(missing)作表語或定語。例如:

Is there anything missing (Is there anything lost) ?

Nothing, so far as I know.

on與about

二者都是介詞,意爲“關於,論及”等,一般情況下,二者可以互相替換,但二者有點區別:about常用於簡單的或淺顯的論述等,是一般用語,多用於講故事,談話;思考等;on多用於系統論述或專題講演、論著等,具有學術性,如:

The teacher told us a story about Lei Feng. It's very moving.

He will give us a talk on the history of the Party.他將給我們做個關於黨史的報告。

正誤例析

今天下午我們將聽一個關於非洲歷史的演講。

誤:We're going to listen to a lecture about African history his afternoon.

正:We're going to listen to a lecture on African history this afternoon.

析:介詞about和on都可以作“關於”解。on表示一本書、文章或演講是嚴肅的、學術性的,可供專門研究這一問題的人們參考;about則表示其內容比較通俗,一般人都可閱讀。

the lost books 丟失的書。

The book was still missing.書還是找不到。

lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗;the giving name教名,名;a surprised girl一位感到吃驚的女孩。

come up with

come up with= find or produce (an answer)意爲“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:

I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。

We shall have to work hard to come up with them. 我們要努力工作,趕上他們。

類似的詞組有:

catch up with come in for pay for

pay for意爲“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:

How much did you pay for that book?那本書你付了多少錢?

I'll pay you five yuan for it.我將爲此給你五元錢。

I'm afraid can't pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能爲此給你任何報酬。

She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她以前是一位語文老師。

used to意爲“過去經常”,它只有過去式,用於各種人稱的單、複數,表示過去存在的,

但現在已經停止的情況或習慣,後接動詞原形。例如:

They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經常步行來,現在不了。他們經常乘車來。

used to是表示過去經常重複的動作。在表示過去的習慣時,used to是比較規則的習慣,它與would不太一樣,would側重於敘述過去的光景,used to側重於和現在相對照。

used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構成。美國人多用助動詞 did;英國人多用used to本身。如:

–Did you use to go there?

–Yes, very often./No, only seldom.

I used not to like Beijing opera, but now I’m very fond of it.我過去不喜歡京戲,但現在非常喜歡。

他過去不常抽菸。

注意區分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣於……”,後跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:

I’m not used to drinking.我不習慣喝酒。

She is used to running in the morning.她習慣早上跑步。

have got

I think I've got one.我想我有一個。

英語中表示“所有”用have,口語中常用 have got,其否定形式爲haven't got,疑問形式爲Have…got…?在美國英語中常使用don't have,Do… have…?例如:

I've got a book about chemistry. = I have a book about chemistry.我有一本化學書。

He hasn't got an umbrella. = He doesn't have an umbrella. 他沒有雨傘。

–Have you got a pencil sharpener? = Do you have a pencil sharpener?

–Yes, here you are.

Have you got …?句型教學建議

利用初一學過的表示“擁有”的交際用語引出“have got”句型,講解可先不講解它的時態:現在完成時。

1.教師先和一個學生進行下面的對話。

T: Excuse me, Do you have a dictionary?

S: Yes, I do.

T: May I borrow them, please?

S: Certainly. Here you are.

T: Thank you.

教師接過dictionary後,說:

I have a dictionary

I have got a dictionary

並在黑板上板書:have got … ,然後讓學生反覆跟讀。然後告訴學生這就是我們今天所要學的新句型:This is another way of saying “Do you have …?”

2.教師可逐一取出一些畫片,邊取邊對學生說:I have got a …或拿出一些實物進行上面的句型練習。(a cup, a pen, a ruler, an eraser, a book等。)

關於課文The Lost Books教學建議

1.在教學本課的課文The Lost Books之前,先就本課Part 1的兩個問題讓學生進行回答,並寫一段短文關於自己如何愛書,以及從圖書館借書的經歷,然後讓學生作演講。如:

I like reading very much, because I’ve learned a lot from the book I read. I’ve bought many books and has got a small library of zoo interesting books. They are about many different subjects such as foreign languages, maths, history, geography and interesting stories. But my own library is still too small to meet my needs. I often borrow books from the school library. It has a great number of books. Many of them are very interesting. I’ve read so many interesting books in the school reading room. I’m a careful boy/girl. I never lose any library book. But some of my classmates do. When they are in such a trouble, I help them. I sometimes help them to buy new books. I even pick out the best books from my book shelves and give them to my friend in trouble. I believe a friend in need is a friend indeed.

2.讓學生默讀課文,回答練習冊第2課練習1的8個問題。

3.把課文The Lost Books改成對話,由兩個學生分別扮演grandma和 librarian,表演一遍,然後讓學生輪換角色,以便更多的學生參加演出。實現學生自編--自導--自演--語言探究活動的過程。

參考範文部分:

Librarian: Mrs. Li, I’ve heard the bad news. You’ve lost more books.

Grandma: Yes, I’ve already lost 5 more books. I’m afraid I’ll have to pay for all the six lost books.

Librarian: Never mind. I think someday you will find them. What about putting a bookmark in each of the borrowed books. Just leave a message on the bookmark. It may help a lot.

Grandma: What do you think I should write on the bookmark?

Librarian: Something like this: If you find this book, please return it to the school library. Then you can get a nice present from the librarian. I’m an old woman. But one is never too old to learn. I do hope you’ll help me to be a good reader of the school library books. Thank you very much from the bottom of my heart.

4.讓學生閱讀英語泛讀Unit 1 的閱讀材料:Library Services,回答文後的五個問題。

5.讓學生在課後猜想管理員想出了什麼辦法,同時也讓學生想其他的辦法爲Grandma找回丟失的書。

6.在教學這個故事的結尾部分前,先引導學生想想該如何幫助Grandma找回丟失的書,同時也猜想管理員想了什麼方法爲Grandma找回丟失的書。另外也可替管理員想些好辦法來鼓勵同學們歸還書。

讓學生帶着下面的問題閱讀這個故事的結尾部分:

1. Why did they get books back so quickly?

2. If you lost the book, how would you get it back?

現在完成時

一、現在完成時的構成

1.現在完成時的基本句式是have/has+過去分詞。例如:

I have seen that film.我看過那部電影。

We have just finished our homework.我們剛剛做完家庭作業。

She has gone home.她回家去了。

注意:該句式中的have或has是助動詞,has用於第三人稱單數,其他人稱一律用have。該句式中have/has和過去分詞之間可插入just,譯成漢語時,往往用“已經”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等這類詞。

2.現在完成時的一般疑問句式是把助動詞have或has提到主語之前。例如:

Have you read this book yet?你讀過這本書嗎?

Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃了那個蘋果了嗎?

注意:現在完成時的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。把現在完成時的一般疑問句譯成漢語時,往往表示“……過嗎?”“還沒有……嗎?”等。其肯定回答用Yes,主語+ have/has。否定回答用No,主語+haven’t/hasn’t.有時用 No,not yet.或 No,never.

3.現在完成時的否定句式是have/has not +過去分詞。例如:

We haven’t studied Book III yet.我們還沒有學過第三冊課本。

The car hasn’t stopped yet.汽車還沒有停下來。

注意:現在完成時的否定句往往也在句末加yet;譯成漢語時表示“還沒有……”之意。

二、現在完成時的用法

表示過去發生或完成的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果。

例如:

Have you read that story?你讀過那個故事嗎?

(“讀”這一動作發生在過去,對現在造成的影響爲:是否知道故事的內容。)

I have bough two apples.我買了兩個蘋果。

(“買”這一動作發生在過去,對現在造成的結果是:擁有兩個蘋果。)

在學習這一概念的同時,還應注意與現在完成時態連用的幾個副詞:already;just,yet, ever,never等。already,just多用於肯定句,yet,ever,never多用於疑問句和否定句中。如:

I have already finished my homework.我已經完成了作業。

He has just had his meal. 他剛吃過飯。

Have you ever heard this song?你曾聽過這首歌嗎?

They haven’t left yet.他們還沒動身。

We have never seen so beautiful flowers.我們從來沒有見過這麼漂亮的花。

語法教學:現在完成時態

1.學習動詞過去式與過去分詞

動詞的原形,過去式和過去分詞的詞形變化即爲動詞的變化。絕大多數的動詞是規則動詞,是在原形的字尾加ed構成其過去式和過去分詞;部分動詞是不規則動詞,它們不是依照加ed的規則變化的。

2.教學現在完成時的結構。

教師邊開啟門,邊說:I’m opening the door. 門開後,教師問學生:

Is the door open? 學生回答說:Yes. It is. 教師接着說:

I have opened the door already.

向學生解釋,open the door的動作在過去發生,現在的結果是the door is open. 要表述過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響就要用現在完成時。結果讓學生體會這句話的意思,然後板書:用彩色粉筆寫出have opened.

Teacher asks a student to clean the blackboard.

該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:

She is cleaning the blackboard.

當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看着擦乾淨的黑板,啓發大家說出:

Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.

將句子寫在黑板上,讓學生自己總結現在完成時的結構。教師最後把“助動詞have / has +過去分詞”這個結構寫在黑板上。

3.口頭訓練在學生對部分動詞的過去分詞和現在完成時的基本結構有了認識之後,教師可以進而指導學生做一些口頭訓練。開始時可用圖片或適當的情景引出一些句子。如:

用一個畫有蛋糕的圖片,加上旁白:“Yum, Yum, good!”引出句子:I have eaten the cake.

畫一個女孩兒,加上旁白:“She is here.”引出句子:She has come.

還可以補上一些句子:

She has given the key to her mother.她把鑰匙給了母親。(鑰匙不在她這裏。)

He has read a book about science .他讀過一本科學讀物。(他對科學書籍有所接觸。)

這樣做可以讓學生對現在完成時有所領悟,即現在完成時不是單純表示一個過去的動作。而是表示此動作對現在的某種影響。教師最後可將這些句子用操練的形式讓學生改爲否定式,疑問句並加以回答。

4.進行比較教學。

把現在完成時與一般過去時進行比較,由於它們都表達一個過去的概念,學生容易混淆它們之間的用法。

現在完成時和一般過去時的動作都發生在過去,但現在完成時所表示的對間觀念是比較模糊的,籠統的,它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,而一般過去時所表示的時間是比較具體的,確切的,它必須和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:

We went to the park last week. (一般過去時)

I haven’t read this book before. (現在完成時)

Lesson 1 Part 2 In the school library教學建議

1.教師先放錄音,讓學生跟着重複,然後讓學生猜測這個對話發生在什麼地方。

2.讓學生根據對話的內容,猜測“several”和“shelf”的含義。

3.條件較好,有圖書室的學校,可以讓學生到圖書室進行借書表演。同時可以把這個對話

加工擴展:

A: Excuse me, have you got any books about …?

B: Yes, we've got several. They're on that shelf

A: May I borrow the book "… ", please?

B: OK. Here you are. But you must give it back on time.

A: OK. Thank you very much.

4.讓學生兩個一組進行對話表演。

Lesson 1 Part 3 的教學建議

1.先讓學生分組進行對話表演。

2.然後要求學生將對話內容改爲短文:

Dialogue 1

Jim can't find his history book. He asks Bob: "Have you seen my history book anywhere?" Bob doesn't think so. He tells Jim to look at the book on the desk. He thinks maybe it's Jim's history book.

Dialogue 2

Tom has lost his dictionary. He asks Lucy about it. but Lucy hasn't seen it. She tells Tom to ask Jim about his lost dictionary. Jim says "Yes" to him. He saw it on Lin Tao's desk five minutes ago.

He thinks it is still there.

Lesson 4 Part 4的教學建議

首先教師可以仿照課文製作類似的卡片,然後講解卡片表達的資訊。條件好的學校,可以到圖書館找出類似的查書卡,也可以讓學生到市或鎮等各圖書館調查圖書館如何給圖書分類,如何寫借書卡,然後寫出一個調查報告,包括以下幾個內容:

many parts are there in a library?

are the books classified?

kinds of books do the readers like? Different people like different kinds of books?

4. What kinds of borrower’s cards are there?

5. What information can a borrower’s card give us? What kinds of knowledge can the reader get from the card?

can the reader find the book she wants? How do the cards make it convenient for the reader to borrow their books?

to cherish books?

rules for a library. (可參照練習冊Lesson 4 Exercise 6)

要求用英文寫,文字簡明扼要。

教師讓學生來看看書上兩張借書卡片,然後讓學生說說從這兩張卡片中可以瞭解到一本書的大概資訊:

第一張:

從這張借書卡上我們可以知道:《簡愛》;作者是夏洛蒂勃朗特,她出生於1816年,死於1855年;本書於1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共237頁。

書名:《簡愛》

作者:夏洛蒂勃朗特(1816-1855)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共237頁

第二張:

這本書是《大衛科波菲爾》;作者是查爾斯狄更斯,他出生於1812年,死於1870年;本書於1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共215頁。

書名:《大衛科波菲爾》

作者:查爾斯 狄更斯(1812-1870)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共215頁

讓學生講講書上所給的計算機屏幕上的文字顯示的相關資訊:

作者:瑪可麗特米切爾

書名:《飄》

出版商:麥克米倫公司

描述:發生在古老的美國南部的愛情史詩

內容:美國內戰,奴隸制,社會風俗

教學設計方案

Lesson one

一、教學內容

1.詞彙(略)。

2.句型:1)Have you got…? 2) Have you found…yet? 3) I’m so glad.

3.語法:初步學習現在完成時態。

二、教具

錄音機;一些學習、日常用具,如筆、字典、手錶等。

三、課堂教學設計

1.複習 值日生報告。

2.教師可採用以下方法匯出現在完成時態:

教師走到教室門前,做開門動作。邊開門邊問學生:

T:What am I doing?

Ss:You are opening the door.

開啟門後,教師走回講臺,手指開着的門,反覆說:

T:I have opened the door. Please look at the door. It is open now.

板書這個句子,用彩色粉筆寫出助動詞have和動詞opened。

Teacher asks a students to clean the blackboard.

該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:

She is cleaning the blackboard.

當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看着擦乾淨的黑板,啓發大家說出:

Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.

3.板書剛纔的主要句式。向學生介紹現在完成時態這個術語,要求學生觀察其構成,扼要說明這個時態表示過去的行爲對現在造成的影響和結果這一用法。

4.利用黑板上的句式,扼要介紹現在完成時態的構成和動詞過去分詞的構成方法。

5.開啟書,學生閱讀課文第 3部分,教師佈置兩個讀前提問(Pre-reading questions):

l)Where is the history book? 2)Where is the dictionary?

兩分鐘後,請學生回答。聽錄音,學生跟讀兩遍。

6.請一位同學到教室外站一會兒。讓別的同學將他/她的英語書或尺子等物藏起來。請回這位同學。待他/她剛進教室,尚未走到座位之前時,教師提問:

T:Have you got an English book (or: a ruler)?

:Yes, I have.

T:Can I borrow it, please?

:Certainly.(走回自己座位,才發現東西不見了。教師要求該同學用剛剛學過的語言知識來表達)

Oh, I’ve lost my English book (Or; ruler).(問旁邊的同學)Have you seen it anywhere? 如效果較好,可請幾位同學反覆表演。

7.指導學生做練習冊習題。

8.佈置作業

1)練習朗讀本課對話,抄寫生詞;2)完成練習冊習題。

四、難點講解

Have you got a pencil? 你有鉛筆嗎?

在口語和非正式文體中,have got可以用來代替have。

在美國英語中,經常使用have或has;而在英國英語中則用have got或has got表示“有”。例如:

She has blue eyes.(美國英語;=She’s got blue eyes.)她長着藍眼睛。

Do you have a brother?(美國英語;=Have you got a brother?)你有兄弟嗎?

教學設計方案

Lesson 2

教學目的:

1.進一步掌握現在完成時的運用。

2.學習課文The lost Books. 養成愛學習,愛惜書的好習慣。

3.掌握重點短語和句型。

used to pay for come up with the borrowed book

Her hobby is to read.

教具 錄音機,小黑板(寫有不規則動詞若干)。

教學過程

Step 1 Revision

1. Revise Have got …?

T: Have you got a ruler?

S: Yes. I have.

T: Can I borrow it.

S: Certainly. Here you are.

T: Thanks.

2. Revise the Present Perfect Tense

教師先說出幾個句子,然後讓學生接着再說一句,表明上句的結果。如:

T: I have returned the book to the library. S: Now I can borrow a new one.

T: She has finished her homework. S: She can have a rest (go out and   play).

T: He has bought a new car. S: He can drive a new car now.

T: We have seen the new film. S: It’s about a small white cat. It’s very interesting.

T: They have lost the dog. S: They have put the dog’s photo in the newspaper. They want to find it.

讓學生來總結出其構成:have + v. ed

出示小黑板,要求學生將上面列出的不規則動詞的過去分詞形式寫出。

Step 2 Presentation

1.利用已學過的對話引出有關借書的話題。

T: Have you got the book……?

S: Yes. I have.

T: Can I borrow it?

S: Certainly. Here you are.

然後教師問學生:Do you often borrow books? Where can we borrow books from? 引出Library話題。

2.讓學生談談自己借書的經歷,丟失了書該怎麼辦。

3.讓學生默讀一遍課文(五分鐘左右),並用鉛筆劃出課文中的生詞,鼓勵學生根據上下文來判斷這些詞的意思。然後回答下列幾個問題:

1. What did my grandma do when she was young?

2. What does she like?

3. Do you like reading? Do you often borrow books from the school library?

4. Did my grandma lose the library books last week? What book?

5. What idea did the library think of?

6. What other good idea do you have to get the lost books back?

教師對學生標出的新單詞進行講解,並對文章中新出現的重點詞彙和短語。

1)used to

意爲“過去經常”,它只有過去式,用於各種人稱的單、複數,表示過去存在的,

但現在已經停止的情況或習慣,後接動詞原形。例如:

They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經常步行來,現在不了。他們經常乘車來。

used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構成。美國人多用助動詞 did;英國人多用used to本身。如:

他過去不常抽菸。

 

注意區分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣於……”,後跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:

I’m not used to drinking. 我不習慣喝酒。

She is used to running in the morning. She is a very fast runner.

2)Her hobby is to read. 她的業餘愛好是讀書。

to read 是一個動詞不定式,在句中用作表語。如:

Her wish is to be a singer. 她的願望是成爲一個歌手。She sings a lot every day.

3)pay for意爲“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:

How much did you pay for that book?20 yuan

I’ll pay you five yuan for it.我將爲此給你五元錢。

I’m afraid I can’t pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能爲此給你任何報酬。

4)come up with= find or produce (an answer)意爲“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:

I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。

5)the lost books lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗。

4.放錄音,讓學生先聽,然後跟讀。

5.學生熟悉課文後,學生回答練習冊 Ex 1.的問題。

Step 3 Practice

1.Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 1. in class.

2.讓學生根據課文內容改編成一短劇。並分角色表演。(見教學建議:表演:The Lost Book)

Step 4 Summary

1.總結本課的重點短語的用法:used to put down pay for come up with think of

2.簡要敘述課文內容。

Step 5 Homework

ll the story: the lost book.

2. Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 2、3