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英文句子種類辨析之肯定句和否定句

含否定詞的句子稱爲否定句(Negative Sentence),不含否定詞的句子就稱爲肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)。例如:

英文句子種類辨析之肯定句和否定句

例:Mr. Walker is an Englishman.

(華克先生是英國人。——肯定句)

例:He is not an American.

(他不是美國人。——否定句)

簡單地說,表達事物的“Yes”這一面的句子就是肯定句,“No”的一面的就叫做否定句。

傳統的英語入門都是先學肯定句,然後再學肯定句的反面,亦就是否定句。否定句的表達方式基本上有下面的兩種。

(1)使用副詞否定詞“not”,例如:

(a)be,have爲主要動詞:

例:I am not a good swimmer.

(我不是一個游泳的好手。)

例:He was not at home yesterday afternoon.

(昨天下午他不在家。)

例:I have not much money.

(我沒有很多錢。)

例:He has not many friend here.

(在這裏他沒有很多朋友。)

解說“be/have +not”常縮短成一詞,尤其是日常談話更是如此。例如:

例:You aren't [a:nt] a friend of his, are you ?

(你不是他的朋友吧,是不是?)

例:He isn't [>!znt] my brother.

(他不是我的兄弟。)

例:I wasn't [>w&znt] there at that time.

(當時我沒有在那兒。)

例:There weren't [w+:nt] many people at the party yesterday.

(昨天沒有很多人蔘加宴會。)

“am +not”不是“amn't”,而是“aren't”或“ain't[eint]”,例如:

例:I ain't ready.

(我還沒準備好。)

例:I am very nice to you, aren't I?

(我對你很不錯,是不是?)

美國人用“ain't”很隨便,應該是“are not,is not,have not,has not”的地方,他們也會“ain't”一下就帶過去,宜注意。

下面例句是“have not,has not”的縮短形。

例:I haven't[>h$vnt] a headache.

(我沒有頭痛。)

例:He hasn't[>h$znt] come yet.

(他還沒來。)

(b)be,have爲助動詞

例:You aren't going to go to her birthday party, are you?

(你不打算參加她的生日宴會,是不是?)

例:It isn't raining outside.

(外面沒有在下雨。)

例:She wasn't asked to speak at the meeting.

(她沒有被請求在會上講話。)

例:I haven't done anything wrong to her.

(他沒有做對不起她的事。)

例:He hasn't yet paid the money.

(他尚未付錢。)

be+ V -ing(進行時),be +P.P.(過去分詞)(被動詞態),have(has,had)+P.P.(完成時)等的“be,have(has,had)”皆爲助動詞。例1的'“be going to …”在學校文法中也常被視爲助動詞。

(c)“助動詞+V”時

動詞帶有助動詞“will,shall,can,may,must,need,dare,ought to,used to,had better”等時,將“not”置於助動詞與主要動詞之間。例如:

例:I will not do it again.

I won't[wount] do it again.

(我不願意再做這種事。)

例:The old man cannot find his way home.

(那個老人找不到回家的路。)

例:I couldn't sleep last night.

(昨夜我無法入睡。)

例:You ought not to swim in the river.

(你不應該在河裏游泳。)

例:You had better not tell her everything.

(你最好不要樣樣事情都告訴她。)

注:“can”的否定形式是“cannot or can't”,不可寫成“can not or cann't”。

(d)使用助動詞“do”的否定句

一般動詞的否定句通常使用助動詞“do”,句式如下:

句型 do(does, did)+not + V(原形動詞)

例:I don't know her very well.

(我並不很瞭解她。)

例:He doesn't like Chinese tea very much.

(他並不很喜歡中國茶。)

例:She didn't come to school this morning.

(今天早上她沒有來上學。)

例:Don't believe him.

(不要相信他的話。)

注:“have”表達“有”以外的意義時,其否定句通常使用助動詞“do”,例如:

例:Usually I don't have (=eat) breakfast on Sunday morning.

(通常星期天早上我不吃早餐。)

例:She doesn't have (=drink) coffee for breakfast.

(她不把咖啡充作早餐喝。)

例:We didn't have (=enjoy) a good time there yesterday.

(昨天我們在那裏玩得不愉快。)

不過美式英語“have”作“有”的意義使用時也如一般動詞使用助動詞“do”,例如:

例:I don't have brothers.

(我沒有兄弟。)

例:We didn't have time enough to finish the work.

(我們當時沒有足夠的時間完成那件工作。)

(2)使用“not”以外的否定詞

“not”以外的否定詞有:

(a)副詞:never,seldom,hardly,little,neither,etc.

例:She never comes to school late.

(他上學從不遲到。)

例:She seldom comes to see me.

(她不常來看我。)

(b)形容詞:no,few,little,etc.

例:I have no brothers.(=I don't have brothers.)

(我沒有兄弟。)

例:He has few friends in Hong Kong.

(他在香港幾乎沒有朋友。)

(c)代詞:nothing,nobody,none,etc.

例:I know nothing about computer.

(對於電腦我一竅不通。)

I found nobody about computer.

(在那棟房子裏我沒看到任何人。)

注:1.有些文法書認爲“Not +V”爲句子否定法,是否定句,而“no +n.或如nothing,etc.”爲單詞否定法,不宜稱爲否定句。例如:

例:He doesn't have brother.(否定句)

He has no brothers.(單詞否定,但應視爲肯定句,因爲謂語動詞是肯定。)

請注意下面兩句的意義上的區別。

例:He doesn't have a breakfast.

He has not a breakfast.

(他不吃早餐。——否定句)

例:He has no breakfast.

(他沒有早餐可吃。——單詞否定,肯定句)

2.否定也可以借用前綴或後綴來表達,例如:

例:He is honest.

(他是誠實的。)

He is dishonest.(=He in not honest.)

(他不誠實。)

例:They have children.

(他們有小孩。)

They are childless.(=The don't have children.)

(他們沒有小孩。)

Drilling Square

Ⅰ.請把下列各句改爲否定句。

1.Amy is the best student in my class.

2.Jim has a lot of stamps.

3.John studies very hard this semester.

4.Bill broke the glass yesterday.

5.Did he write you a letter last week?

6.Open the window, Peter.

7.We had a walk after dinner yesterday.

Ⅱ.請把下列各句改爲肯定句。

1.She doesn't have to go to school today.

2.My father doesn't go to his office by bus.

3.I didn't see him yesterday.

4.Mr. Smith won't teach us next year.

5.You need not do it today.

6.She cannot run very last.

7.She doesn't wash her clothes herself.