人教版高三英語部分語法

英語常用的句型結構

1、 S + vi

2、 S + link verb + predicative

3、 S + vt +o

4、 S + vt + o (間接) + o (直接)

5、 S +vt+ o + o c

6、 There be + s + …

說明：

1、句型4：間接賓語如果在直接賓語之後，間接賓語前須加介詞to 或for

* 下列動詞要用帶for 的間接賓語：

buy, build, catch, choose, cook, cut, find, fix, get, keep, make, do, prepare, order(定購), leave（留下）, save（留，節省）, spare（讓出）, 等。

*其餘動詞一般用to

eg. Please get two tickets for me.

Did he leave any message for me?

注意使用代詞的時候：I gave it to the teacher.

2、有些表示說話的動詞如：explain, express, describe, disclose, announce, introduce, mention, point out, report, repeat, suggest, say, shout, whisper等，它們不是帶雙賓語的及物動詞，用這種動詞表示對誰說話時，要跟由介詞to 引導的介詞短語，不管這種短語是位於直接賓語之前或之後。

Eg. Our teacher explained to us the difficult words.

He disclosed to them the secret of his invention.

3、There be (存在)“有”

have 表示從屬關係的“有”

但當表示事物的特徵時，可以互換。

Eg. There are five windows in the room.

The room has five windows.

Eg. How many days are there in March?

How many days has March?

4、補充講介詞to 與for 的區別：

A. 表示“去向”時：

for用在動詞leave, start, depart（啓程，離開）等詞之後。

to用在go, come, move, march之後。

Eg. They are leaving for Australia.

Will you come to my office?

B. 在某些形容詞如necessary, easy, difficult, impossible, useful等之後，兩者均可用。

Eg. English is useful to (for) us.

C. 某些形容詞如：good, cruel, kind 等詞後面有較嚴格的限制。一般來說to表示主語主觀上對賓語的態度。

Eg. Jane’s uncle was unkind to her.

For表示主語客觀上對賓語所起的作用。

Eg. Morning exercises are good for children.

5、S + vt + o + o c

能帶賓補的動詞：call, consider, find, leave, name, pronounce, think, beat(black and blue), colour, cut, drive (mad), hold, keep, imagine, want, wish, allow, ask, command, encourage, promise, want, see, watch, notice, look at, make, have, let等等。

Eg. We elected him monitor.

Colour the third one green.

They found it strange that no one would take the money.

I can’t make myself understand in English.

Let me show you out.

The manager has made the company what it is today.

*充當賓補的可以是名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語或從句等。

簡單句

*只包含一個主謂結構的句子叫做簡單句。

簡單句有6個基本句型：（前面講的6個基本句子結構）

並列句

*由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句並列連接起來的句子叫

並列句。

*並列句的基本句型是:

簡單句+並列連詞（或連接副詞）+簡單句

1、聯合關係：

常用的連詞有and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等。

Eg. Tom doesn’t smoke, nor does his brother.

2、轉折關係

常用的連詞有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那時，然後）等。

Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train.

We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.

She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.

*yet 和still是連接副詞，又叫半連接句。

*however(然而，不過，但是)意義接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中間。

3、選擇關係：

常用的連詞有or（或者，還是，否則），otherwise, or else, either…or等。

Eg. Hurry up, or we’ll be late for school.

4、因果關係

連詞有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。

Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam.

The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go and get some medicine for it.

*for 表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。

Therefore較so更正式，and so 較口語化。

狀語從句

狀語從句在主從複合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可分爲地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、方式、比較等。

1、時間狀語從句

由從屬連詞when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, till.

Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.

A. when, as, while 作時間從屬連詞的區別。

When可引導持續性動作，又可引導短暫性動作。它可表示主從句的動作同時發生，或從句的動作發生在主句動作之前。

Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. (同時)

B. as 引導持續性動作，側重表示主句和從句動作同時發生。

Eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went.

C. while “在某一段時間裏”、“在……期間”

While引導的動作必須是持續性的，它也強調主句和從句動作的同時發生，往往側重主句和從句動作的對比。

Eg. Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.

*當when, as, while(正當……的時候)表示主句和從句的動作同時發生時，可以換用。

*當when引導的狀語從句是系表結構（名詞作表語），其主語又和主句主語一致時，往往可用as引導的省略從句代替，應注意as在這裏是連詞，不是介詞，後邊名詞與年齡有關。

Eg. As a young man(=when he was a young man)he was a postmaster.

D. before 如果when和before引導的句子位於主句之後，有時要譯爲“才”、“這時”等。

Eg. He almost knocked me down before he saw me.

I was having lunch when someone knocked at the door.

E. by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after等也可以作爲連詞，引導時間狀語從句。

Eg. Each time he came to Beijing on business, he would call on me.

I recognized you the moment I saw you.

F. 時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞一般不能用任何一種將來時，只能用現在時或過去時態表示將來時。

E. hardly…when; no sooner =as soon as

這兩個句組只能用於過去時，即從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，主句謂語動詞用過去完成時。Hardly、no nooner放在句首時，主句主謂倒裝。

Eg. He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.

Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.

Eg. I had no sooner come home than it began to rain.

No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.

2、 地點狀語從句：where, wherever引導

Eg. Go back where you came from.

Where there is water, there is life.

3、原因狀語從句

由連詞because, as, since, now than (既然，由於)

because引導的從句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情況下，可以不要主句而單獨成句。as與since則不能。

在回答why開始的問句時只能用because。

*在強調句式中強調原因狀語從句，只能用because引導從句，不能用as或since.

Eg. It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.

*as （由於）所引導的從句一般放在主句之前，說明原因；後邊的主句說明結果。主句和從句表達的內容同等重要。

Eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again.

以as引導的從句位於主句之後時，它的力量更弱一些，類似一種附帶的說明。As在口語中使用較多。

*since(既然，因爲)：用以表示顯然的或已知的理由、原因。從句的意思是次要的，主句是全句意思的重心所在。

Eg. Since he can not answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.

*now that與since, as 同義。其區別是now that用來說明一種新情況，然後再加以推論，從句與主句的因果關係很小，而since和as連接的句子因果關係比較明顯。

Eg. Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.

注意：#用了以上表示原因的從屬連詞，主句不可再用並列連詞so.

#並列連詞for有時表示因果關係，有時是對前面分句的內容加以解釋或推斷。

當for表示因果關係時，可和從屬連詞because同樣使用，但語氣較弱。

Eg. He could not have seen me, for (or: because) I was not there.

4、目的狀語從句

that, so that, in order that, for fear that(以免，唯恐)，lest(唯恐，免得)：lest從句中謂語（should）+v, in case (萬一)等。

Eg. We remained at home lest(=for fear that) they should come in our absence.

目的狀語從句的消語常含有may(might),can, could, should, will等情態動詞。通常主句在前，從句在後，主句與從句之間沒有逗號。

*lest 只用於正式文體，在現代英語中多以for fear that, so that…not等代替。

5、結果狀語從句

由連詞that, so that, so…that , such…that etc.

注意區別that, so that引導的目的狀語從句和結果狀語從句。根據上下文來判斷，從句之前有逗號的常是結果狀語從句；從句中有情態動詞的多半是目的狀語從句。

Eg. She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (結果)

She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)

6、條件狀語從句

通常由if, unless(除非)，as long as, so long as只要，in case (that)萬一

*unless 從句的謂語只能用肯定式

*主將從現

7、方式狀語從句

連詞as, as if(as though)等引導從句多用虛擬語氣。

Eg. He walked as if he were drunk.

8、比較狀語從句

as…as, not so (as)…as, than等引導

eg. Peter swims as well as Tom does.

*the +比較級（從句），the+比較級（主句）

eg. The harder we work, the happier we feel.

9、讓步狀語從句

though, although, as(雖然)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, however, no matter who (what, which, etc)

eg. Wherever you work, you can always find time to study.

Whether he comes or not, we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon.

*讓步狀語從句可放在句首、句中、句尾

though與although同義。Although 較爲正式，多置於句首，as引導的讓步狀語從句多用於書面語。它比用though(although)引導的讓步狀語從句更有表現力，語氣更強。As引導的讓步狀語從句要使語序部分倒裝。

Eg. Child as he was, he had to help support the family.

*even if (though)從句所說的不一定是事實。

Though從句一般說的是事實。

*whether一般引導名詞性從句。當引導讓步狀語從句時，必須有逗號和主句分開，而且其前邊可加no matter.

Eg. You’ll have to do it, (no matter) whether you like it or not.

*讓步狀語從句和主句之間不可再用but等純並列連詞，但可用yet, still, nevertheless等副詞來加強語氣。

Eg. Though he was tired, yet (still, nevertheless) he went on working.

*不可將no matter與“疑問詞+ever”連用。

Eg. Whatever (no matter what )you say, I won’t agree you .

No matter whatever you say, I won’t agree with you .(錯)

倒裝句

*full inversion and partial inversion

I. full inversion

1、there (here) + be + S

eg. Here is the milkman.

There comes the bus.

*在there和here的後面還可跟一些不及物動詞，如stand, lie, go, fall等。句子的謂語時態爲一般過去時或一般現在時。如例2

2、單個副詞位於句首的倒裝句

單個副詞位於句首，句子的主、謂需倒裝，表示強調。這類副詞有in, out, now, up, down etc.句子的謂語一般爲be動詞或不及物動詞。

Eg. Down came the rain.

Up went the flag.

Away he ran.

如果這類句子中的謂語動詞是短語動詞則不能將短語動詞中的副詞移到句首。

Eg. Up it blew.(錯)____blew up: exploded

*但有時也例外，當句子的主語在對比的情況下，作主語的人稱代詞也可與作謂語的be 動詞形成倒裝。

Eg. There were they, reading in the classroom, while we were cleaning outside.

3、介詞短語作狀語位於句首的倒裝句。在這類句子中，謂語一般爲be或不及物動詞。

Eg. Near the forest is a small lake.

In the doorway stood my brother.

在上述單個副詞和介詞短語位於句首的倒裝句子中，謂語用一般現在時或一般過去時。

4、so, nor, neither, no more 引導的倒裝句，句子全部倒裝。

Eg. He finished his job, and so did I.

Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.

Peter 不喜歡流行音樂，他兄弟也是如此。

*在美式英語中，通常認爲nor不能跟在but或and的後面。

Eg. John didn’t see the accident and nor did Mary.(錯)

John didn’t see the accident and neither did Mary.（對）

*當句子的主語與前句的主語爲同一人或物，而so位於該句的句首時，後面so引導的句子不用倒裝。

Eg. It’s raining . So it is.

5、as引導的倒裝句

在正式書面文體中，as引導表示比較含義的從句，句子常用倒裝句。

Eg. He likes sports, as do most of his friends.

他和他的大多數朋友一樣，喜歡體育。

He is a college student, as are his sisters and brothers.

II. partial inversion

1、副詞位於句首的部分倒裝句

一些含有否定意義的副詞位於句首時，句子倒裝：seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, never, few, not until, not only等。

Eg. Little did he know about mathematics.

他的數學知識極爲貧乏。

Rarely did students attend his lectures.

學生很少去聽他的講座。

*如果scarcely, hardly, little和barely等副詞位於句首，但它們在句中修飾主語，此時句子不倒裝。

Eg. Little help can be expected from John.

不指望從約翰那裏得到多少幫助。

Hardly twenty students are in that big room.

在那間大房子裏還不足20名學生。

2、only引導的部分倒裝句。

Only位於句首，後接狀語，句子要倒裝。

Eg. Only on Sunday does he go home.

Only alone, does she feel sad.

*only修飾賓語，位於句首時，句子也可以倒裝。

Eg. Only their teacher will they obey.

*only修飾主語，位於句首，句子不用倒裝。

Eg. Only two of us got tickets.

3、not only …but also…引導的兩個分句，前一個分句用倒裝，後一個分句用倒裝，後一個分句用陳述結構。

Eg. Not only does he speak English but also he speaks German.

*not only不位於句首，句子則不倒裝

eg. He not only speaks English but also he speaks German.

4、hardly…when…; scarcely…when…;

no nooner…than…

eg. Scarcely had he come in when the guests wanted to leave.

5、not+名詞或副詞組成的詞組在句子中作狀語或賓語，位於句首，句子需倒裝。

Eg. Not a letter did he send home.

Not until the end of this week did she realize her mistakes.

Not once do I meet him.

我一次也沒有見到他。

*not在句首修飾主語，句子不必倒裝。

Eg. Not many people came to the party.

6、當含有no的詞組位於句首時，句子用倒裝。

*Nowhere else in the world can you buy a better and cheaper camera than in our shop.

No longer are they cooperating with us.

By no means should you break the rules.

你決不能違反規章制度。

At no time should we give in to difficulties.

任何時候都不應在困難面前屈服。

*類似的短語：

in no way決不，in no sense決不，in no case決不，

under no excuse毫無理由，on no account決不

如果這類短語不在句首，句子不用倒裝。

7、在if引導的虛擬條件句子中，如有had, were, should，可將if省去，而將had, were, should移到句首倒裝。

Eg. Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believe it.

8、as, though引導的讓步狀語從句，形容詞、名詞作表語常位於句首，形成倒裝。

Eg. Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.

Child as he is, he knows a lot.(省略冠詞)

談談as引導定語從句

I、as引導非限制性定語從句，代替整個句子的內容，並在從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。

Eg. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. (賓語)

This experiment is very simple, as indeed it is.

(表語)

He opposed the idea, as could be expected.

(主語)

他反對這個意見，這是可以預料的。

II、such…as…像……這樣的（之類的）

Eg. He isn’t such a man as he used to be.(表語)

Don’t read such books as you cannot understand.(賓語)

Let’s discuss only such questions as concern every one of us.(主語)

我們只討論與大家都有關的問題。

III、the same…as…和……一樣

Eg. I’d like to use the same instrument as is used in your workshop. 主語

我願用你們車間所用的同樣的儀器。

Eg. He is not the same man as he was.表語

IV、as (many, much)…as也可引導定語從句，其中第二個as是關聯詞。

Eg. There are as many books as are needed.主語

Take as much paper as you want.賓語

V、as與which引導非限制性定語從句：

*as引導的從句可放在句首或句末，但which引導的從句只能放在句末。

*在關係分句中，當as作主語時，其後要跟系動詞，但which就沒有這個限制。

Eg. We had much knowledge, as was the Party expected. …正是黨所期望的。

*which在關係分句中可作定語，而且它前面還可跟介詞，但as就沒有這個功能。

Eg. I said to him rudely, for which mistake I apologized.

If和whether

I. if 和whether都能引導主語從句。只不過if 引導主語從句不放在句首，而放在句尾。句首用it 作先行詞，而whether引導的主語從句可放在句首或句尾。

*有些語法書說if不能引導表語從句。而在實際閱讀中if引導表語從句的句子也是有的。

Eg. The question is if we should go on with the work.

II. if 與whether不能互換的情況：

1、介詞後用whether不用if

eg. It depends on whether he’s ready.

2、不定式之前用whether, 不用if

eg. He worried whether to come.

3、名詞之後用whether不用if

eg. The decision whether to see her was mine alone.

4、whether可和or not直接連用，if不能。

Eg. I don’t know whether or not he is ready.

5、引導讓步狀語從句用whether不用if:

eg. Whether you like it or not, you will have to do it.

6、如果賓語從句放在句首，用whether不用if.

Eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.

7、如果賓語從句是個否定句，用if引導不用whether引導。

Eg. I don’t care if he can’t come.