被 動 語 態The Passive Voice

被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be有人稱、數和時態的變化，其變化規則與be作爲系動詞時完全一致。否定式在be後面加not，疑問式把be提前。

一、 被動語態在各種時態中的結構

1．一般現在時 （am,is,are+pp）

I am often asked to do this job.

History is made by the people.

They are respected by everybody in the country.

2．一般過去時 (was,were+pp)

The meeting was held in May.

These machines were made in Harbin.

3．一般將來時 (shall,will+be+pp)

Shall we be invited to attend the party?

You won’t be allowed to take so much food.

4．現在進行時 (am,is,are+being+pp)

A new subway is being built in our city.

Their rooms are being painted now.

5．過去進行時 (was,were+being+pp)

The road was being widened.

6．現在完成時 (have,has+been+pp)

The novel has been translated into many languages.

7．過去完成時 (had+been+pp)

Production had been greatly reduced by the end of last year.

8．將來完成時 (shall,will+have+been+pp)

The work will have been finished next Monday.

(注：被動語態無將來進行或完成進行時態。)

二、被動語態的使用

1．在不知道動作的執行者是誰，難以說出或沒有必要說出時。

My wallet was stolen.

When will the road be opened to traffic?

DVD machines are sold in that shop.

2．強調動作的承受者而不是動作的執行者時。

Football is played in most middle schools.

Hu Jintao was elected Chairman of our state.

3．當動作的執行者是無生命的事物時。

The crops were destroyed by the flood.

4．從修辭的角度考慮使用被動語態。

1）爲了避免轉移陳述的主體。

Many people were wounded in the accident and they were rushed to the nearest hospital.

比較 Many people were wounded in the accident and we rushed them to the nearest hospital.

2）爲了避免使用很長的名詞短語充當主語而使讀者費解。

I was shown round the school by Bill, the son of a very good friend of mine, who had entered the college just a year before.

3）爲了表示委婉、禮貌、避免提及自己而使用被動語態。

You are requested to show your pass at the entrance.

5．被動語態常用於報告文章或科技論著中。（略）

三、不能轉換爲被動句的主動句

1．動詞的限制

有些及物動詞，如have, become（適合）等，不能用於被動語態。

We have a car. 不可說成：A car is had by us.

The jacket doesn’t become me. 不可說成：I am not become by the jacket.

2．賓語的限制

如果直接賓語是反身代詞、相互代詞，就不能轉換爲被動語態。

I saw myself in the mirror. 不可說成：Myself was seen in the mirror by me.

We help each other. 不可說成：Each other is helped by us.

四、短語動詞的被動形式

1．v+adv 在主動句中賓語可以位於副詞的前面或後面，但在被動句中，這個短語必須作爲整體對待，副詞必須緊跟在動詞後面。

She picked up the book.或She picked the book up.

必須改爲：The book was picked up by her.

2．v+prep 不可被其它成分隔開。

The thieves broke into his house last night.

必須改爲：The house was broken into by thieves last night.

3．v+adv+prep 同樣具有不可分性。

We shouldn’t look down upon the slow pupils.

必須改爲：The slow pupils should not be looked down upon by us.

五、可變爲被動語態的幾種基本句型

1．S+Vt+O

Henry is painting that picture.

→That picture is being painted by Henry.

2．S+Vt+O+Co

We will elect him monitor.

→He will be elected monitor by us.

3．S+Vt+O+Ad

The postman had put the letter there before you came.

→The letter had been put there before you came.

4．S+Vt+Oi+Od

My teacher gave me a book.

→I was given a book by my teacher.

→A book was given (to) me by my teacher.

六、特殊的被動語態結構

1．含情態動詞 Your compositions must be handed in after class.

2．帶不定式 The whole plan has to be changed.

七、被動結構與系表結構的區別

1．它們的主要區別在於：被動結構表示動作，系表結構表示狀態。

被動結構 系表結構

The cup was broken (by him). The cup is broken.

I was encouraged by my teacher. I was rather encouraged.

I was interested by what I heard. I was interested in it.

2．句中有by短語，並且by後的賓語是有生命的人或動物，則該句一定是被動結構，有時不是人或動物也可以判斷出是被動結構。

The bird was killed by the boy.

The crops were destroyed by the flood.

3．with短語常暗示着某個動作執行者的存在，這樣的句子往往是被動結構。

The bird was killed with a stone.

4．系表結構中的表語常是一些以ed結尾的形容詞，這些詞常可用very, quite, rather, more等修飾。

I was very surprised. He was quite encouged.

They were rather interested. I am more annoyed.

被 動 語 態 練 習

一、單項選擇

1.A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.

offered offered offered offered

new oilfields ______ since 1976.

opened up opened up been opened up been opened up

hospital ______ in 1998.

set up set up up been set up

4.-Have you moved into the new house?

-Not rooms ______.

painted painting being painted being painting

war ______ in 1937.

broken out been broken out broken out e out

6.______ Mary.

name is called name calls is call is named

car ______ my cousin.

belonged to ng to belonging to ngs to

story ______ in the city.

place taken place happened been taken place

letter needn’t ______.

d be typed typed

t care ______ of his pet.

taken taken taken

11.I don’t mind him ______.

invite g invited ted be invited

pen ______ well.

’t written n’t write e not written

13.I think much attention ______ your pronunciation.

pay to t to be paid be paid to ld be paid by

______ to meet at the gate at seven o’clock sharp.

osed supposed suppose ld be supposed

are driven ______ engines.

medicine ______ bitter.

tasted es be tasted d be tasted

二、區別下列句子，指出是被動結構還是系表結構。

shop was closed at 6:00 p.m. yesterday.

shop is closed.

were educated by the society, schools and families.

were well educated.

was dressed in blue.

children were dressed every morning by their parents.

三、把下列各句變爲被動句。

students must hand in their papers immediately.

will look after the child?

they take good care of the sick?

should make good use of every minute.

sent for the doctor right after the accident.

had never dreamed of such success before they made the experiment.

四、把下列各句變爲被動句，用原句劃線部分作主語。

showed me the room where they lived.

promised Mary a new doll for her birthday.

gave us two classes this morning.

32.I allowed him two days to get ready.

五、把下列句子改爲主動句，用括號內所給的詞作主語。

ish is spoken in South America. (people)

are being taught how to operate the new machine. (a man)

door should not have been left open all night. (you)

boy was given a special prize. (the teacher)

these words must be looked up in a dictionary. (you)

room is always kept clean and tidy. (Jordan)

Answers:

一、1-5: CCBCD 6-10: DDADA 11-16: BBCBBB

二、被動：17 19 22 系表：18 20 21

三、 students’ papers must be handed in immediately.

whom will the child be looked after?

the sick taken good care of (by them)?

y minute should be made good use of.

doctor was sent for right after the accident.

success had never been dreamed of before they made the experiment.

四、29.I was shown the room where they lived (by them).

30.A new doll was promised to Mary for her birthday.

classes were given (to) us this morning (by her).

was allowed two days to get ready (by me).

五、le in South America speak Spanish.

34.A man is teaching us how to operate the new machine.

should not have left the door open all night.

teacher gave the boy a special prize.

must look up all these words in a dictionary.

an always keeps the room clean and tidy.