非謂語動詞

在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分爲三種形式:不定

式，動名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。

1）不定式

時態語態　　　 主動　　　　　　被動　　　　　　　　　

一般式　　　　to do　　　　　 to be done

完成式　　　 to have done　　to have been done

2）動名詞

時態語態　　　 主動　　　　　　被動　　　　　　　　　

一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done

完成式　　　　having done　　having been done

3）分詞

時態語態　　　 主動　　　　　　被動　　　　　　　　　

一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done

完成式　　　　having done　　having been done　 　　

否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 動名詞，　not + 現在分詞

動名詞

1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語

1）作主語

Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

南方與北方開戰了。

2）作賓語　

a. 動詞後加動名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth

admit 承認　　　appreciate 感激,讚賞　avoid 避免　　　　

complete 完成　 consider 認爲　　　　 delay 耽誤　　 deny 否認　　　 detest 討厭　　　　　 endure 忍受　　　　enjoy 喜歡　　　escape 逃脫　　　　　 prevent阻止

fancy 想象　　　finish 完成　　　　　 imagine 想象　　 mind 介意　　　 miss 想念　　　　　　 postpone 推遲　　　　　　　 practise 訓練　 recall 回憶　　　　　 resent 討厭　　　　　resist 抵抗　　 resume 繼續　　　　　 risk 冒險

suggest 建議　　face 面對　　　　　　 include 包括　　　　stand 忍受　　　understand 理解　　　 forgive 寬恕　　　　　　　　 keep 繼續

舉例：

(1)　Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

(2)　The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.　　　

b. 詞組後接doing

admit to　　 prefer…to　　　　　be used to　　　 lead to　　　devote oneself to　 object to　　　stick to　　 busy　　　　look forward to(to爲介詞）

no good,　no use,　It's worth…,　 as well as,

can't help,　It's no use /good　 be tired of

be fond of　 be capable of　 be afraid of　

be proud of　 think of / about　 hold off　　　　

put off　 keep on　 insist on　　count on / upon

set about　 be successful in　 good at　　take up

give up　　burst out　　prevent … from…　

3）作表語

Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.

2 worth 的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while都爲adj.　意爲"值得"。

1. worth： be worth + n.　 當名詞爲金錢時，表示"…… 值得……"

be worth doing sth.　"……某事值得被做"

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy：be worthy of +n.　當名詞爲抽象名詞時表示"……值得……"

be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth　 "值得做某事"

worth while： It is worth while doing sth

　　　　　 It is worth while sb to do sth.

典型例題

It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.

h　hy　h-while　h while

答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只適合詞組be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C。

動詞不定式

1 不定式作賓語

1) 動詞+ 不定式

afford　 aim　　 appear　　agree　 arrange　　ask　　　be　　　 decide　bother　　care　　choose　　 come　　　 dare　　 demand　desire　　determine　　　　 expect　　　elect　　endeavor　　　　　hope　　　　　　　fail　 happen　 help　　hesitate　learn　 long　　　mean　　 manage　 offer　 ought　　 plan　　prepare　pretend　　 promise　refuse　seem　　 tend　　 wait　　　 wish　　　　 undertake

舉例：　

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2）動詞+不定式 ；　動詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。

I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.　 我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3） 動詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。

The question is how to put it into practice.

問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

2 不定式作補語

1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)

advise　　 allow　　 appoint　　 believe　　 cause　　 challenge　command　 compel　　　consider　 declare　　 drive　　　enable　　encourage　 find　　　 forbid　　 force　　　guess　　 hire　　　　imagine　　impel　　　induce　　 inform　　instruct　　invite　　 judge　　　 know　　　 like　　　order　　　 permit　　persuade　 remind　　 report　　request　　 require　　select　send　　　 state　　 suppose　　 tell　　　 think　 train　　　trust　　 understand　urge　　　 warn　

例句：

a.　Father will not allow us to play on the street.　　　　　　　

父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。

b.　We believe him to be guilty.

我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法：

Find 後可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最後加帶to 的動詞不定式。find後也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例題:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.　

A. lying　 B. lie　 C. lay　 D. laying　　

答案：的賓語後面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。

2) to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。

Acknowledge,　　believe,　consider,　　think,　declare(聲稱),　discover, fancy(設想),　feel　　 find,　guess,　 judge,　　imagine,　　　know,　 prove,　　　　　see(理解), show,　　　　suppose,　　　　 take(以爲),　　 understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我們認爲湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.　

A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented　

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式後用原形即可。而C爲現在完成時，發明爲點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。

3) to be +形容詞

Seem,　　　　 appear,　　　be said,　　be supposed,　 be believed,　be thought,　be known,　 be reported,　hope, wish,　 desire,　　　want,　　　 plan,　 expect,　　　 mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人們認爲這本書沒什麼意思。

4)　there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那麼多人在哪裏。

注意 ： 有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher.　我們認爲湯姆是我們最好的老師。

Mary took him as her father .　瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。

3 不定式主語

1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

easy,　difficult,　 hard,　 important,　 possible,　 impossible,　comfortable,　 necessary,　 better;　　

the first,　 the next,　　　the last,　　the best,　too much,　　too little,　　not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us.　他幫助我們，他真好。

Kind,　nice,　 stupid,　rude,　 clever,　foolish,　thoughtful,　thoughtless,　brave,　considerate(考慮周到的),　silly,　 selfish(自私的)

例句:

It was silly of us to believe him.　我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。

注意：1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用於此句型

2) 不定式作爲句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。

3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is… to…的句型

　(對)To see is to believe.　百聞不如一見。

　(錯)It is to believe to see.

4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1）for sb. 常用於表示事物的特徵特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,　 interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。

2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法：

用介詞後面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：

You are nice.　(通順，所以應用of)。

He is hard.　(人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)

5 不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動詞後面，形成表語。例如：

My work is to clean the room every day.

His dream is to be a doctor.

6 不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞後。例如：

I have a lot of work to do.　

So he made some candles to give light.

7 不定式作狀語

1）目的狀語　

To… only to (僅僅爲了),　in order to,　so as to,　so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我來僅僅是向你告別。

2）作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子後面。

What have I said to make you angry.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

3)　表原因

I'm glad to see you.

典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.　

A. sit　 B. sit on　 C. be seat　 D. be sat on

答案：B.　如果不定式爲不及物動詞，其後應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位於"形容詞+動詞不定式"結構的末尾。

8 用作介詞的to

to 有兩種用法： 一爲不定式+動詞原形； 一爲介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：

admit to承認，　　　　　　　confess to承認，

be accustomed to 習慣於，　 be used to 習慣於， stick to 堅持，　　　　　　 turn to開始，着手於， devote oneself to 獻身於，　be devoted to 致力於， look forward to 盼望，　　　pay attention to 注意

9 省to 的動詞不定式

1） 情態動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2） 使役動詞 let, have, make：

3） 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等後作賓補，省略to。

注意：在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.

=He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night.

=They were made to work the whole night.

4） would rather，had better：

5） Why… / why not…：

6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：

7） but和except：but前是動詞do時，後面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。

8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：

9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞後，可以省去to be：　

He is supposed (to be) nice.　他應該是個好人。

舉例：

He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

He wants to do nothing but go out.

比較：　 He wants to do nothing but go out.

　 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例題

1) ---- I usually go there by train.　

---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?　

A. to try going　 B.　trying to go　 C.　to try and go　 D.　try going　　

答案：D. why not 後面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。

2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.　

A. learn　 B. to learn　 C. learned　 D. learning

答案：B. make後接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用於被動時，to 不可省略。

10 動詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window…　

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1）Tell him ___ the window.　

A. to shut not　 B. not to shut　 C. to not shut

D. not shut　

答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式爲tell sb not to do sth.

2)　She pretended ___ me when I passed by.　

A.　not to see　 B. not seeing　　C. to not see

D.　having not seen　

答案：A。 pretend 後應接不定式。其否定形式爲pretend not to do sth.。

3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.　

A. never to drive　 B. to never driver　

C. never driving　 D. never drive　

答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式爲warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.　

A. not to　　B. not to do　　C. not do it　

D. do not to

答案：A。not to 爲not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重複整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do後應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.　

A. to eat no　 B. eating not　 C. not to eat　

D. not eating

答案：C。warn一詞要求後用不定式，此處爲不定式的被動，否定形式爲be warned not to do。

11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1）too…to　 太…以至於…

He is too excited to speak.

他太激動了，說不出話來。

---- Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。

2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定， too 後那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 爲"不太"。

It's never too late to mend.　(諺語)

改過不嫌晚。

3)　當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常… 等於very。

I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

12 不定式的特殊句型so as to

1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.　

　 湯姆對事故保持沉默是爲了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.

　 輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。

2)　so kind as to ---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?

　 勞駕，現在幾點了。

13 不定式的特殊句型Why not

"Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議，翻譯爲："爲什麼不……?" "幹嗎不……?"

例如：

Why not take a holiday?

幹嗎不去度假?

非謂語動詞（二）

14 不定式的時態和語態

時態語態　　　 主動　　　　　被動

一般式　　　　　 to do　　　　　　to be done

進行式　　　　　 to be doing　　

完成式　　　　　 to have done　　 to have been done

完成進行式　　　 to have been doing　　

1) 現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之後。

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再見到你。

2) 完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。

He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成進行時：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

15 動名詞與不定式

1） 動名詞與不定式的區別：

動名詞表達的是： 狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的

不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的

2） 接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。

3） 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：

1　stop to do　　　　　stop doing　　　

2 forget to do　　　　 forget doing

3　remember to do　　　remember doing　　　　　

4 regret to do　　　　 regret doing

5　cease to do　　　　 cease doing　　　　　　　

6 try to do　　　　　　try doing

7　go on to do　　　　 go on doing　　　　　　　

8 afraid to do　　　　 afraid doing

9　interested to do　　interested doing　

10 mean to do　　　　　 mean doing

11 begin/ start to do　 begin/ start doing　　　　　　

動名詞與不定式區別實例：

1 stop doing/to do

stop to do　停止，中斷做某事後去做另一件事。

stop doing　停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他們停下來，抽了根菸。

I must stop smoking.　　　　　 我必須戒菸了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the side of the path.　

A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest

答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。

2 forget doing/to do

forget to do　忘記要去做某事。　(未做)

forget doing　忘記做過某事。　　(已做)

The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.

辦公室的燈還在亮着，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)

He forgot turning the light off.

他忘記他已經關了燈了。　　　 ( 已做過關燈的動作)

Don't forget to come tomorrow.

別忘了明天來。　　　　　　　　 (to come動作未做)

典型例題

---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh，I forgot___.　　　　　　　　　　

A. turning it off　 B. turn it off　 C. to turn it off　 D. having turned it off

答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮着，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.

而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

3 remember doing/to do

remember to do 記得去做某事　　　　 (未做)

remember doing　記得做過某事　　　 (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school.

記着放學後去趟郵局。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?

你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

4 regret doing/to do

regret to do　 對要做的事遺憾。　　　　　(未做)

regret doing　 對做過的事遺憾、後悔。　　(已做)

I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.

我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。

I don't regret telling her what I thought.　

我不爲告訴她我的想法而後悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

---Well, now I regret ___ that.

A. to do　 B. to be doing　 C.　to have done　 D.　having done

答案：D。regret having done sth. 對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題爲對已說的話感到後悔，因此選D。

5 cease doing/to do

cease to do　 長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。

cease doing　 短時停止做某事，以後還會接着做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.

那個部門已不復存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.

姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。

6 try doing/to do

try to do　　努力，企圖做某事。

try doing　 試驗，試着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.

你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.

我試着種果木花卉，但未成功。

特殊詞精講

1 stop doing/to do

stop to do　停止，中斷做某事後去做另一件事。

stop doing　停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他們停下來，抽了根菸。

I must stop smoking..　　　　　 我必須戒菸了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the side of the path.　

A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest

答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。

7 go on doing/to do

go on to do　做了一件事後，接着做另一件事。

go on doing　 繼續做原來做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.

做完數學後，他接着去做物理。

Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.

作完這個練習後，接着做其他的練習

8 be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do　不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意爲"怕"；

be afraid of doing　擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意爲"生怕，恐怕"。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.

她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.

她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

She was afraid of waking her husband.

她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

9 be interested doing/to do

interested to do　　 對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing　 對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常爲想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.

我很想知道發生了什麼事。 (想了解)

I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?

我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?　 (一種想法)

10 mean to doing/to do

mean to do　 打算、想

mean doing　意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.

我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.

贈加工資意味着增加購買力。

11 begin(start) doing/to do

begin / start to do sth

begin / start doing sth.

1)　談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.

How old were you when you first started playing the piano?

你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？

2)　begin, start用進行時時，後面動詞用不定式to do

I was beginning to get angry。

我開始生起氣來。

3)　在attempt, intend, begin, start 後接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。

I begin to understand the truth。

我開始明白真相。

4)　物作主語時

It began to melt.

12 感官動詞 + doing/to do

感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do　 表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看見他在花園裏幹活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強調"我見他正幹活"這個動作）

昨天我見他正在花園裏幹活。

典型例題

1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.　

A. grow　 B. grew　 C. was growing　 D. to grow

答案：A。因題意爲，他們看着她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.　

A. playing　 B. to be playing　　C. play　　D. to play

答案A. 本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb. doing sth句型。

一、動詞不定式與-ING分詞的區別

1. 作賓語時，-ING分詞表示抽象的、一般性或習慣性的和連續性的動作，而不定式則表示某次具體動作，特別是將來的動作

I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.

1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.

［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated

2) News of success keeps in.

［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring

3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.

2. 作定語時，-ING表示正在進行的動作，用-ING的完成時表示動作的完成；不定式表示未來發生

4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.

［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched

5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .

6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .

3. 當謂語動詞是進行時的時候，用不定式而不用-ING分詞作賓語

It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.

I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying but

decided that was more suited

to the job.

4. 在remember,forget等詞後，如果跟-ING分詞，表示-ING分詞的動作發生在主要謂語之前；如果跟不定式則表示不定式的動作發生在主要謂語動作之後

I remember telling her that last night. ("告

訴"發生在"記得"之前) He remembered to tell her that when she

came back. ("記得"發生在"告訴"之前)

I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主

語動詞表示的動作"忘記"發生在不定式表

示的動作"給帶口信"之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot

giving the message last night. (-ING分詞

表示的動作"給帶口信"發生在謂語動詞表

示的動作"忘記"之前)

5. stop, go on和leave off之後跟接動詞不定式和-ING分詞所表達的意義有所不同

They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他動作)來工作］

They stopped working. ［停下工作(來幹其他動作)］

Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人繼續討論這一問題］

Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人們停下來其他事，繼續討論這一問題］

He left off writing.［他停下寫作(去幹其他事)］

He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)來寫作］

6. … used to後跟不定式和-ING分詞，後跟不定式有兩種情況：一種是used to是固定用法表示"過去經常幹……"；另外一種情況是use的被動詞態"be used"後跟不定式；後跟-ING分詞的情況有一種，那就是當used to中的used是形容詞時，to後跟名詞或-ING分詞

7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.

［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work

8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.

［A］ get used to

［B］ get to

［C］ get over

［D］ get on with

9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.

7. 一般情況下，for後邊跟接there to be,而of後邊則跟接there being

10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.

［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been

8. be＋形容詞後面要跟動詞不定式作狀語，而不用-ING

It is very difficult to manage the company.

二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區別

雖然在語法功能上，-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：-ING分詞表示主動的意義，而-ED分詞則表示被動的意義；-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進行的動作，而-ED分詞則表示已經完成和被動的動作。在表現形式上，-ING分詞有"一般式"和"完成式"與"主動式"和"被動式"之分；而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語法功用上的區別。

1. 作表語時，-ING分詞表示主語所具有的特徵而-ED分詞表示主語所處的狀態

The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.

The play is more exciting than any I have

ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.

2. 作狀語時-ING分詞表示主語正在進行的另一動作而-ED分詞則表示主語發生動作的背景或情況 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .

［A］ battling both people and objects

［B］ both people and objects were battled

［C］ he was battling both people and objects

［D］ both people and objects that were battled

13) Having been served lunch， .

［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee

［B］ the committee members discussed the problem

［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem

［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee

12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.

［A］ She is noted primarily

［B］ Noted primarily

［C］ Primarily is noted

［D］ She primarily noted

14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .

［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez

［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays

［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written

［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez

3. ①作定語時，-ING分詞表示正在進行的動作，而-ED分詞表示動作發生在謂語動詞之前；②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經常或當時的狀態，而-ED分詞則沒有時間性；③-ING分詞表示主動，而-ED分詞表示被動

15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.

16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.

17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.

4. 但少數幾個動詞的-ED分詞，有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別，如：bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分，前者只用於"出生"的意義，而後者用於"負擔"，"負荷"，"承擔"和"傳送"之意

I was born in 1966.

His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.

再如：hang的-ED分詞也有兩種，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示"懸掛"，後者表示"吊死，絞死"。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種：struck和striken, 前者有"打擊""衝擊""感動"等義，而striken只用作形容詞，表示"受折磨"之意。

來自及物動詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動意義；來自不及物動詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動和完成的意義：fallen leaves (落葉)，a full-blown rose (盛開的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.

三、例題解析

1) A爲正確答案。(一般性的動作。)

2) A爲正確答案。(連續的動作。)

3) D錯。 改爲harvesting(抽象的動作)。

4) A爲正確答案。(已完成的動作。)

5) C錯。 改爲to be interviewed(將要發生的動作)。

6) C錯。改爲to kill(不定或未來動作)。

7) D爲正確答案。(過去經常或總是幹……)

8) A爲正確答案。(習慣於……used是形容詞)

9) A錯。改爲jog。(表示過去經常或總是幹……)

10) A爲正確答案。

11) A爲正確答案。

12) B爲正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞"noted"引導的-ED結構，在句中說明主句謂語的背景。

13) B爲正確答案。

14) B爲正確答案。-ED分詞"considered"的邏輯主語應爲人，除B外的其他選項都無法和空白前-ED結構在邏輯主語上一致。

15) A錯。改爲boiling。-ED分詞含有完成和被動的意思，-ING分詞則表示主動、進行，也可用作前置定語表示性狀、用途。如："boiling water(water which is boiling.)"意思是"開水"，意即"正在開着的水"，而"boiled water(water which has been boiled.)"雖也可譯爲"開水"，但表示"已開過了的水(現在可能涼了)。"本句A處應改爲boiling，"boiling point"意思是"沸點"。

16) B錯。改用"writing"，"writing paper"意爲"寫字的紙，信紙"，-ING分詞"writing"表用途。與此類似的還有"swimming pool"(游泳池) ，"sleeping car"(臥鋪) 。"written"含有完成和被動意味，不合上下文。

17) C錯。改爲"convincing"。"令人信服的聯繫"應爲"convincing link"，"convincing"含有主動的意味，即"聯繫"(link)本身具有這種性質，而"convinced"則含有完成或被動的含義， 修飾有生命的名詞 。試比較：a surprising man (使人驚訝的人) ，a surprised man (被驚嚇了的人)