博文谷

句首的話題

深圳市寶安中學 趙國強

句首可以對某些句子結構產生制約和影響,這是在學習中不應忽視的重要內容。着眼於句首可以把握和處理好語言結構,使整個句子表達規範,結構精當。句首的以下兩個特點需要引起重視。

一句首制約着句子,使有些結構的選擇範圍較句中相對狹隘

1.句首的“是否”不用if,而只用whether。例如:

Whether we’ll go out depends on weather.我們是否出去要看天氣。

2.如果主語從句沒有連接代詞或連接副詞(如whether/what/how等)引導,就必須在從句之前加上that,該連接詞不可省略。例如:

That we need more equipment is quite obvious.我們需要更多設備,這是顯而一見的。

3.句首動名詞的邏輯主語大多不用名詞普通格或代詞賓格,而用名詞所有格或物主代詞。例如:

The soldier’s being killed in the war is her one regret.那位戰士的陣亡是她的一件憾事。

His recognizing the faults is a good thing.他認錯,這是好事。

4.句首的目的狀語,不用so as (not) to do,而只用in order (not) to do或(not) to do等。試比較:

In order to(或To) catch the first bus, Li Hua got up very early.= Li Hua got up very early in order to/ so as to(或to) catch the first bus,.爲了趕上頭班車,李華起的很早。

5.句首的(not) until多不用till替換。例如:

Until then I had known nothing about it.(= Not until then had I known nothing about it.)直到那時我才聽說此事。

6.表示“正如”意義的關係代詞在句首隻用as。如:

As is known to us, Taiwan belongs to China.(= Taiwan belongs to China, as/ which is known to us)我們都知道,臺灣屬於中國。

二句首某一詞語或結構的出現,直接影響句子,使結構隨之變化

1.句中的否定詞提於句首,其主謂語必須倒裝。如:

Never before have I seen him.以前我從未見過他。

Hardly had he fallen asleep when he dreamt a sweet dream.他剛睡着便做了個美夢。

Not a single mistake did the top student make in the test.那位尖子生在考試中一個錯誤也沒犯。

The boss didn’t let out the secret. Neither/Nor did his secretary.老闆沒有泄密,他的祕書也沒有(這樣)。

2.方位副詞、方位介詞短語或某些時間副詞於句首,如果主語是名詞,謂語是不及物動詞或系表結構,謂語動詞直接放到主語之前進行完全倒裝。注意:這種倒裝句不用進行時態。現分別舉例如下:

Here are some registered letters for you.這兒有你的幾封掛號信。

Between the two buildings stands a monument to the hero.在兩棟樓房之間矗立着一座英雄紀念碑。

Now comes your turn.現在輪到你了。

比較: Out rushed the boys.孩子們衝出去了。(主語是名詞,須倒裝。)

Out they rushed.他們衝了出去。(主語是代詞,無需倒裝。)

On the grass dances a little girl.(=A little girl is dancing on the grass.)有個小女孩在草地上跳舞。

3.原因、時間、條件等否定狀語從句改爲簡單句,否定詞not應從謂語中的某一位置提於句首。如:

He wrote another letter as he had not received an answer.= Not having received an answer, he wrote another letter.由於沒收到回信,他又寫了一封。

4.Only引導狀語或狀語從句,其後的句子或主句的主謂語必須倒裝。如:

Only in this way is it possible to master a foreign language.只有用這種方法纔可能掌握好一門外國語。

Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.只是戰爭結束之後,他才得以愉快地返回工作崗位。

注意:句首only所引導的短語作主語或賓語則不可倒裝。試比較:

Only last Saturday he spent at home.就上週六他是在家裏度過的。

Only last Saturday did he stay at home.就上週六他在家裏度過。

5.表示部分意義的so置於句首,該句子倒裝。如:

So frightened is he that he can’t move at all.他嚇得不敢動彈。

She sings badly, so does everyone in her family.她唱不好歌,她全家人都是這樣。

比較:You are tired. So am I.你累了,我也是。

You are tired. So am I.你累了,我也是。

“You are tired.”“ So am I.”“你累了。”“我的確累。”

本文曾發表於《中學英語指導》1999年第8期

標籤:句首