博文谷

英文詩歌賞析

Appreciation of English Poetry

詩以高度凝結的語言表達着人們的喜怒哀樂,用其特有的節奏與方式影響着人們的精神世界。詩講究聯想,運用象徵、比喻、擬人等各種修辭手法,形成了獨特的語言藝術。

英詩浩如煙海,篇幅長短不一。爲使大家瞭解英詩,並能欣賞,請大家學習以下四個方面的內容:詩的格律、詩的押韻、詩的體式、詩的評判。

一、 詩的格律

格律是是每個音步輕重音節排列的格式,也是朗讀時輕重音的依據。而音步是由重讀音節和非重讀音節構成的詩的分析單位。重讀音節爲揚(重),非重讀音節爲抑(輕),音步之間可用“/”隔開。以下是五種常見格式: 1. 抑揚格(輕重格)Iambus:是最常見的一種格式,每個音步由一個非重讀音節加一個重讀音節構成。

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

So deep / in luve / am I :

And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,

Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

注: art=are thou=you luve=love thee[thou的賓格] bonnie=beautifl a`=all gang=go

上例中爲四音步與三音步交叉。

2.揚抑格(重輕格)Trochee:每個音步由一個重讀音節加一個非重讀音節構成。

下例中爲四音步揚抑格(少一個輕音節)。

Tiger!/ Tiger!/ burning / bright

In the / forests / of the / night

3. 抑抑揚格(輕輕重格)Anapaestic foot: 每個音步由兩個非重讀音節加一個重讀音節構成。如:三音步抑抑揚格

Like a child / from the womb,

Like a ghost / from the tomb,

I arise / and unbuild / it again.

4. 揚抑抑格(重輕輕格)Dactylic foot: 每個音步由一個重讀音節加兩個非重讀音節構成。如:兩音步揚抑抑格

ˊTouch her not / scornfully,

ˊThink of her / mournfully.

5. 抑揚抑格(輕重輕格)Amphibrach:每個音步由一個非重讀音節加一個重讀音節再加一個非重讀音節構成。如:三音步抑揚抑格︶

下例中雙音步爲抑揚格。

O hush thee / my baby / thy sire was / a knight.

在同一首詩中常會出現不同的格律,格律解析對朗讀詩歌有一定參考價值。現代詩中常不遵守規範的格律。

二、 詩的押韻

押韻是指透過重複元音或輔音以達到一定音韻效果的詩歌寫作手法

1. 尾韻:最常見,最重要的押韻方式。

1) 聯韻:aabb型。

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

2) 交叉韻:abab型。

Sunset and evening star,

And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

When I put out to sea,

3) 同韻:有的詩押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節詩中共用一個韻腳。如下例就共用/i:p/爲韻腳。

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

2. 頭韻:是指一行(節)詩中幾個詞開頭的輔音相同,形成押韻。下例中運用/f/、/b/與/s/頭韻生動寫出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.

3.內韻(同元音):指詞與詞之間元音的重複形成的內部押韻。

下面一節詩中/i/及/iη/重複照應,呈現出一派歡樂祥和的氣氛。

Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

三、 詩的體式

有的詩分成幾節(stanza),每節由若干詩行組成(每行詩均以大寫字母開頭);有的詩則不分節。目前我們常見的詩體有:

1. 十四行詩 (Sonnet),源於中世紀民間抒情短詩,十三、十四世紀流行於意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)爲代表人物,每行十一個音節,全詩一節八行,加一節六行,韻腳用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問,後六行回答。

後來,懷亞特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)將十四行詩引人英國,五音步抑揚格,全詩三個四行一個二行,前三節提問,後二句結論。

斯賓塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韻腳 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,稱英國式或莎士比亞式。

Sonnet 60

Like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore,

So do our minutes hasten to their end;

Each changing place with that which goes before,

In sequent toil all forwards do contend,

Nativity, once in the main of light,

Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crowned,

Crooked eclipses against his glory fight,

And time that gave doth now his gift confound.

Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth

And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,

Feeds on the rarities but for his scythe to move.

And nothing stands but for his scythe to move.

And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,

Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.

Notes:

1. pibbled : pebbled 鋪着卵石的

sequent toil all forwards do contend: Toiling and following each othe, the waves struggle to press forward. 波浪前推後涌,一個個在奮勇爭先。此處是比喻,指時光不停息地流逝。

the main of light: 光明的金海

ls: 爬行

ked eclipses: 兇惡的日蝕

sfix the flourish set on youth: remove the embellishment on the face of the youth.戳破了青春面頰上的光華(指時間)。

7. delves the paralles: dig the paralledl furrows (wrinkles):挖下沉陷的戰壕 (比喻用法,即時間在人的交前額上流下深深的皺紋)

he to mow: 鐮刀的收割(比喻用法,意指光陰的無情流逝)

9. times in hope: future times 未來,將來,

1. 像波浪滔不息地滾向沙灘

2.我們的光陰息息奔赴着終點;

3.後浪和前浪不斷地循環替換, 

4.前推後擁,一個個在奮勇爭先。

5.生辰,一度涌現於光明的金海,

6.爬行到壯年,然後,既登上極頂,

7.兇冥的日蝕便遮沒它的光彩,

8.時光又撕毀了它從前的贈品。  

9.時光戳破了青春頰上的光豔,

10.在美的前額挖下深陷的戰壕,

11.自然的至珍都被它肆意狂喊,

12.一切挺立的都難逃它的鐮刀:

13.可是我的詩未來將屹立千古, 

14.歌頌你的美德,不管它多殘酷!   

這首詩的主題是時間的無情,以及詩歌的不朽和永恆。詩人一開始便以生動的視覺意象爲比喻,吸引了讀者的注意力。詩人除了用大海波浪的滾滾向前比喻人生時光的無情流淌,生生不息外,還用了太陽的金光被日蝕遮住作比喻,說明時光無情消亡,一切美好的東西和青春都不會永遠停留,而會隨時間的流逝而迅速消逝。(delves the .... )這句,比喻時間會使青春美貌老去。這個比喻乍一聽有點誇張,太虛張聲勢或小題大做,實際上這正與詩的崇高嚴肅的主題相和諧,顯示出時間強大的破壞力。第2行,詩人又用了第三個意象來比喻時間:時間的流逝就像鐮刀的收割。最後這兩個不太溫柔的比喻都暗示了時間的無情和殘忍,生動之極。像通常十四行詩的最後現行一樣,詩人在最後做了結論:時間殘酷,但他的詩將屹立千古,歌頌“你”的美德。

這首詩的最後的“你”,頗令人疑惑。照一些批評家的猜測,莎士比亞的十四行詩或者是獻給一個英俊的獨身青年,或者是給一們黝黑的美麗女士。這首詩的“你”到底是誰,讓人費思量。

2. 打油詩(Limericks):通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅,一般沒有標題也無作者姓名,含有幽默諷刺性,常運用雙關,內韻等手法。每首詩五個詩行,押韻爲aabba,格律以抑揚格和抑抑揚格爲主。

There was a young lady of Nigger

Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;

They returned from the ride

With the lady inside,

And the smile on the face of the tiger.

3. 無韻體(Blank Verse):五音步抑揚格,不押韻詩體。

Across the watery bale , and shout again,

Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,

And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.

Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild

Of jocund din!…

4. 自由詩(Free Verse):現代詩中常見的體式,長短不同的詩行存在於同一首詩中,不講究押韻與格律,只注重詩歌所表達的意象和傳遞的情感。美國詩人Walt Whitman的<<草葉集>>(Leaves of Grass)中,就採用此格式。

四、 詩的評判

對一首詩,個人的感受會有不同。節奏流暢,語言精煉,聯想新穎的詩可算是好詩。堆砌詞藻,一味抒發感情而無實際內容的詩,只能是下乘的詩。

二十世紀英美詩歌大量採用自由詩體,接近口語,可謂大膽創新,大概也是詩歌發展的大勢所趨吧。

請把下面的中文詩歌譯成英文:

美麗的心靈

夜,很美,

正如人們的臉。

星星,很美,

正如人們的眼。

太陽也很美,

猶如人們美麗的心靈。

Souls of My People

The night is beautiful,

So the faces of my people.

The stars are beautiful,

So the eyes of my people.

Beautiful, also is the sun,

Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.

請把下面的英文詩譯成中文:

Time

To realize the valve of ONE EYEAR

ask the student who has failed a class.

To realize the value of ONE MONTH,

ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.

To realize the value of ONE WEEK,

ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.

To realize the value of ONE HOUR,

ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.

To realize the value of ONE MINUTE,

ask a person who missed the train.

To realize the value of ONE SECOND,

ask a person who just avoided an accident.

To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND,

ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.

Treasure every moment that you have!

Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is mystery.

Today is a gift. That's why it's called the present!!

《斯卡布羅集市/頌歌》(Scarborough Fair/ Canticle)原是一首古老的英國民歌,其起源可一直追溯到中世紀。後來英國民歌手馬汀卡西(Martin Carthy)在原歌的基礎上加進了自己的再創造,把它變成了一首非常優美的愛情歌曲。西蒙在英國時從卡西那裏學會了這首歌。他又再創造性地把自己寫的一首反戰歌曲《山坡上》(The Side Of A Hill)作爲副歌和這首歌混在一起,用對比的手法表達了對和平的渴望。(括號內是的《頌歌》的歌詞):

《Scarborough Fair》詩經體譯詞如下(英中對照)

英文原歌詞 詩經體的格式歌詞

Scarborough Fair 《斯卡布羅集市》

Are you going to Scarborough Fair 問爾所之,是否如適

Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙蘭芫荽,鬱郁香芷

Remember me to one who lives there 彼方淑女,憑君寄辭

She once was a true love of mine 伊人曾在,與我相知

Tell her to make me a cambric shirt 囑彼佳人,備我衣緇

Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙蘭芫荽,鬱郁香芷

Without no seams nor needle work 勿用針砧,無隙無疵

Then she will be a true love of mine 伊人何在,慰我相思

伴唱:

On the side of hill in the deep forest green 彼山之陰,深林荒址

Tracing of sparrow on snow crested brown 冬尋氈毯,老雀燕子

Blankets and bed clothers the child of maintain 雪覆四野,高山遲滯

Sleeps unawafe of the clarion call 眠而不覺,寒笳清嘶

Tell her to find me an acre of land 囑彼佳人,營我家室

Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙蘭芫荽,鬱郁香芷

Between the salt water and the sea strand 良田所修,大海之坻

Then she will be a true love of mine 伊人應在,任我相視

伴唱:

On the side of hill a sprinkling of leaves 彼山之陰,葉疏苔蝕

Washes the grave with slivery tears 滌我孤冢,珠淚漸漬

A soldier cleans and polishes a gun 昔我長劍,日日拂拭

Sleeps unaware of the clarion call 寂而不覺,寒笳長嘶

Tell her to reap it with a sickle of leather 囑彼佳人,收我秋實

Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙蘭芫荽,鬱郁香芷

And gather it all in a bunch of heather 斂之集之,勿棄勿失

Then she will be a ture love of mine 伊人猶在,唯我相誓

伴唱:

War bellows blazing in scarlet battalions 烽火印嘯,浴血之師

Generals order their soldiers to kill and to fight for a cause將帥有令,勤王之事

They have long ago forgoten 爭鬥緣何,久忘其旨

Sleeps unaware of the clarion call 癡而不覺,寒笳悲嘶

斯卡布羅集市/頌歌

你要去斯卡布羅集市嗎?

那裏有醉人的香草和鮮花

那香味讓我想起一位住在那裏的姑娘

我曾經是那麼地愛她

請讓她爲我做一件麻布的衣裳

(山坡上那片綠色的叢林中)

歐芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香

(順着麻雀在雪地上留下的一行腳印)

沒有接縫也找不到針腳

(在毯子下面找到一個山的孩子)

那纔是我心愛的姑娘

(他睡得正香聽不到山下進軍的號角)

請她爲我找到一畝土地

(山坡上落葉稀疏)

歐芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香

(洶涌的淚水沖洗着大地)

座落在海水和海灘之間

(一個士兵正在擦拭手中的槍)

那纔是我心愛的姑娘

請她用皮做的鐮刀收割莊稼

(戰鬥激烈,紅衣士兵衝向敵陣)

歐芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香

(將軍命令士兵殺死敵人)

再用石南草札成一堆

(戰爭的目的早已被遺忘)

那纔是我心愛的姑娘

你要去斯卡布羅集市嗎?

那裏有醉人的香草和鮮花

那香味讓我想起一位住在那裏的姑娘

我曾經是那麼地愛她

英詩欣賞

EAGLE

ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON (1809~1892)

He clasps the crag with crooked hands;

Close to the sun in lonely lands,

Ringed with the azure world, he stands.

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;

He watches from his mountain walls,

And like a thunderbolt he falls.

這短短六行,生動地刻劃出鷹之爲王者的特質。

首節三行寫其靜、高孤而尊貴。作者以he、hands、stands分別取代it、claws(爪)、和perches(棲息),擬人(personification)的用法使讀者感到鷹的非比尋常。更何況它像王者一般獨居(in lonely lands),有青天環繞(Ringed with the azure world),與白日相親(Close to the sun)。首行/k/和/kr/的雙聲鏗鏘地暗示出鷹的遒勁。

後三行寫其動。作者仍舊以周圍環境襯托出鷹的威儀。從高踞山牆之內的鷹眼看來,洶涌的波濤不過是皺紋,在它腳下匍匐。閃電般的俯衝既是寫實,也顯示出鷹的「神」威-古代神只以雷電爲刑罰工具。

這首短詩的三、六兩行各以掉尾句(periodic sentence)結束。予人雄渾、踏實的感覺,十分切合詩中所述鷹的王者身份。

THE ANT

RICHARD ARMOUR(1906~)

The ant, a prodigy of strength,

Lifes objects twice his weight and length

And never stops or sighs or glowers

Because it's after working hours.

Though underground, he bears the onus

And peril without thought of bonus,

And never once is heard to mention

Retiring on a tax-free pension.

Nor does he frown or look askance

At other, lighter-burdened ants.

Not one to bicker, blame, or sob.

The ant has but one flaw I see,

To wit, he doesn't work for me.

簡評:

螞蟻一向被譽爲“勤做工”的典範。此詩更是一一列舉這位“模範工人”的美德:工作能力強,多做不抱怨,犯難不求賞,與“人”不計較,見利不思遷。這種工人真是隻應“地下”有,“人”世間難求。無怪乎說話者要扼腕嘆道:“只可惜他不爲我工作。” 作者借螞蟻而反襯出人類的私心。工整的韻腳添增了全詩的幽默輕鬆氣氛。

大意:

螞蟻這個大力士能舉起比他體重身高多一倍的東西。它從不因過了下班時間而停工、嘆氣、或瞪眼。雖然在地下,他揹負重擔和危險,卻從沒想到紅利,而且沒聽他談到退休用免稅年金養老;他也不會對其他擔子較輕的螞蟻橫眉豎目。螞蟻不是鬥嘴、怪罪或嗚咽之徒,也不貪圖較好的工作。我看螞蟻只有一樣瑕疵-那就是:他不爲我工作。

Oh, Captain! My Captain

By Walt Whitman

Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,

The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is worn,

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,

While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;

Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,

The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is worn,

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,

While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;

But O heart! heart! heart!

O the bleeding drops of red!

Where on the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;

Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills,

For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores crowding,

For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;

Here, Captain! dear father!

This arm beneath your head;

It is some dream that on the deck

You've fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,

My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse or will;

The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;

From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;

Exult, O Shores! and ring, O bell!

But I, with mournful tread,

Walk the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen cold and dead.

船長!我的船長!

瓦爾特惠特曼

啊, 船長!我的船長!可怕的航程已完成;

這船歷盡風險,企求的目標已達成。

港口在望,鐘聲響,人們在歡欣。

千萬雙眼睛注視着船----平穩,勇敢,堅定。

但是痛心啊!痛心!痛心!

瞧一滴滴鮮紅的血!

甲板上躺着我的船長,

他到下去,冰冷,永別。

啊, 船長!我的船長!起來吧,傾聽鐘聲;

起來吧,號角爲您長鳴,旌旗爲您高懸;

迎着您,多少花束花圈----候着您,千萬人蜂擁岸邊;

他們向您高呼,擁來擠去,仰起殷切的臉;

啊,船長!親愛的父親!

我的手臂託着您的頭!

莫非是一場夢:在甲板上

您到下去,冰冷,永別。

我的船長不作聲,嘴脣慘白,毫不動彈;

我的父親沒感到我的手臂,沒有脈搏,沒有遺言;

船舶拋錨停下,平安抵達;航程終了;

歷經艱險返航,奪得勝利目標。

啊,岸上鐘聲齊鳴,啊,人們一片歡騰!

但是,我在甲板上,在船長身旁,

心悲切,步履沉重。

標籤:詩歌 賞析